Beyond Perl/Tk

package MyApp;
use parent -norequire, 'Wx::App';
sub OnInit {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $frame = MyFrame->new;      # Create the main window
    $self->SetTopWindow($frame);   # Tell app which window is "main"
    $frame->Show(1);               # Make it visible
    return 1;                      # MUST return true
}

package MyFrame;
use parent -norequire, 'Wx::Frame';
sub new {
    my ($class) = @_;
    my $self = $class->SUPER::new(
        undef,                    # No parent window
        wxID_ANY,                 # Auto-assign ID
        "My Application",         # Title bar text
        wxDefaultPosition,        # OS decides where to place it
        Wx::Size->new(700, 500),  # Width x Height in pixels
        wxDEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE,    # Standard minimize/maximize/close
    );
    # ... add widgets here ...
    return $self;
}

package main;
MyApp->new->MainLoop;  # Create app and enter event loop

my $panel = Wx::Panel->new($frame, wxID_ANY);
my $sizer = Wx::BoxSizer->new(wxVERTICAL);  # Vertical column

# $sizer->Add($widget, $proportion, $flags, $border)
#   $proportion: 0 = fixed size,  1+ = stretches proportionally
#   $flags:      wxEXPAND, wxALL, wxALIGN_CENTER, etc.
#   $border:     pixels of padding around the widget

my $label  = Wx::StaticText->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "Name:");
my $entry  = Wx::TextCtrl->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "");
my $button = Wx::Button->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "OK");

$sizer->Add($label,  0, wxALL,              6);   # Fixed, 6px pad
$sizer->Add($entry,  0, wxEXPAND | wxALL,   6);   # Full width, 6px pad
$sizer->Add($button, 0, wxALIGN_RIGHT | wxALL, 6); # Right-aligned

$panel->SetSizer($sizer);
$sizer->SetSizeHints($frame);   # Resize frame to fit contents

use Wx::Event qw(EVT_BUTTON EVT_MENU EVT_TEXT EVT_CLOSE EVT_SIZE);

# EVT_BUTTON($handler_object, $button_widget, \&callback_sub)
EVT_BUTTON($frame, $ok_btn, \&on_ok);
EVT_BUTTON($frame, $cancel_btn, sub {
    my ($frame_self, $event) = @_;   # First arg is always the handler object
    $frame_self->Close;
});

# Menu events use the menu item ID
EVT_MENU($frame, wxID_EXIT,  sub { $_[0]->Close(1) });
EVT_MENU($frame, wxID_ABOUT, \&on_about);

# Named callback receives ($self, $event)
sub on_ok {
    my ($self, $event) = @_;
    Wx::MessageBox("OK clicked!", "Info", wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION, $self);
}

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  wx_hello.pl  —  Minimal wxPerl window
#  Install:  pkg install p5-Wx
#  Run:      perl wx_hello.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use Wx qw(:everything);
use Wx::Event qw(EVT_BUTTON);

# ── Application: owns the event loop ──────────────────────────────────────────
package HelloApp;
use parent -norequire, 'Wx::App';

sub OnInit {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $frame = HelloFrame->new;
    $self->SetTopWindow($frame);
    $frame->Show(1);
    return 1;   # Must return true or app exits immediately
}

# ── Main window ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
package HelloFrame;
use parent -norequire, 'Wx::Frame';
use Wx qw(:everything);
use Wx::Event qw(EVT_BUTTON);

sub new {
    my ($class) = @_;
    my $self = $class->SUPER::new(
        undef, wxID_ANY,
        'Hello from wxPerl!',       # Window title
        wxDefaultPosition,
        Wx::Size->new(400, 200),    # Width, Height
    );

    # Panel is the correct container for widgets in a Frame
    my $panel = Wx::Panel->new($self, wxID_ANY);
    my $sizer = Wx::BoxSizer->new(wxVERTICAL);

    # Label with large bold font
    my $lbl = Wx::StaticText->new(
        $panel, wxID_ANY,
        'Hello, wxPerl!',
        wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize,
        wxALIGN_CENTRE_HORIZONTAL,
    );
    $lbl->SetFont(Wx::Font->new(
        18,                      # Point size
        wxFONTFAMILY_DEFAULT,    # Family
        wxFONTSTYLE_NORMAL,      # Style
        wxFONTWEIGHT_BOLD,       # Weight
    ));
    $sizer->Add($lbl, 0, wxALL | wxALIGN_CENTER_HORIZONTAL, 24);

    # Button
    my $btn = Wx::Button->new($panel, wxID_ANY, 'Greet Me');
    $sizer->Add($btn, 0, wxBOTTOM | wxALIGN_CENTER_HORIZONTAL, 20);

    $panel->SetSizer($sizer);
    $sizer->SetSizeHints($self);   # Resize frame to fit sizer

    # Bind button click — EVT_BUTTON($handler, $button, $callback)
    EVT_BUTTON($self, $btn, sub {
        Wx::MessageBox(
            'Greetings from wxPerl on FreeBSD 16!',
            'Hello',
            wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION,
            $self,
        );
    });

    return $self;
}

# ── Entry point ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
package main;
HelloApp->new->MainLoop;

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  wx_greeting.pl  —  wxPerl complete application demo
#  Demonstrates: menus, StaticBoxSizer, Choice, TextCtrl (multi), status bar,
#                EVT_TEXT_ENTER, close intercept, MessageDialog
#  Install:  pkg install p5-Wx
#  Run:      perl wx_greeting.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use Wx qw(:everything);
use Wx::Event qw(EVT_BUTTON EVT_CLOSE EVT_MENU EVT_TEXT_ENTER);

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Application class
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
package GreetApp;
use parent -norequire, 'Wx::App';

sub OnInit {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $frame = GreetFrame->new;
    $self->SetTopWindow($frame);
    $frame->Show(1);
    return 1;
}

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Main frame
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
package GreetFrame;
use parent -norequire, 'Wx::Frame';
use Wx qw(:everything);
use Wx::Event qw(EVT_BUTTON EVT_CLOSE EVT_MENU EVT_TEXT_ENTER);

sub new {
    my ($class) = @_;
    my $self = $class->SUPER::new(
        undef, wxID_ANY,
        'wxPerl Greeting Generator',
        wxDefaultPosition,
        Wx::Size->new(640, 520),
        wxDEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE,
    );

    $self->{count} = 0;           # State: number of greetings generated
    $self->_build_menubar;
    $self->_build_body;
    $self->_build_statusbar;
    EVT_CLOSE($self, \&on_close);
    return $self;
}

# ── Menu bar ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sub _build_menubar {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $bar = Wx::MenuBar->new;

    my $file = Wx::Menu->new;
    $file->Append(wxID_NEW,  "New\tCtrl+N");
    $file->AppendSeparator;
    $file->Append(wxID_EXIT, "Quit\tCtrl+Q");

    my $help = Wx::Menu->new;
    $help->Append(wxID_ABOUT, "About…");

    $bar->Append($file, "&File");
    $bar->Append($help, "&Help");
    $self->SetMenuBar($bar);

    EVT_MENU($self, wxID_NEW,   \&on_new);
    EVT_MENU($self, wxID_EXIT,  sub { $_[0]->Close(1) });
    EVT_MENU($self, wxID_ABOUT, \&on_about);
}

# ── Main UI ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sub _build_body {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $panel = Wx::Panel->new($self, wxID_ANY);
    my $root  = Wx::BoxSizer->new(wxVERTICAL);

    # ── Title label ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
    my $title = Wx::StaticText->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "wxPerl Greeting Generator");
    $title->SetFont(Wx::Font->new(
        16, wxFONTFAMILY_DEFAULT, wxFONTSTYLE_NORMAL, wxFONTWEIGHT_BOLD
    ));
    $root->Add($title, 0, wxALL | wxALIGN_CENTER_HORIZONTAL, 12);

    # ── Input group — StaticBoxSizer creates a labeled bordered region ──
    my $in_sizer = Wx::StaticBoxSizer->new(
        Wx::StaticBox->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "Your Details"),
        wxVERTICAL,
    );

    # Helper: build a label+control row and add it to $in_sizer
    my $add_row = sub {
        my ($label, $ctrl) = @_;
        my $row = Wx::BoxSizer->new(wxHORIZONTAL);
        my $lbl = Wx::StaticText->new($panel, wxID_ANY, $label);
        $row->Add($lbl,  0, wxRIGHT | wxALIGN_CENTER_VERTICAL, 8);
        $row->Add($ctrl, 1, wxEXPAND);
        $in_sizer->Add($row, 0, wxEXPAND | wxALL, 6);
    };

    # Name entry — process Enter key to trigger generation
    my $name_ctrl = Wx::TextCtrl->new(
        $panel, wxID_ANY, "",
        wxDefaultPosition, Wx::Size->new(260, -1),
        wxTE_PROCESS_ENTER,          # Enable EVT_TEXT_ENTER
    );
    $add_row->("Name:     ", $name_ctrl);

    # Greeting selector dropdown
    my $choice = Wx::Choice->new(
        $panel, wxID_ANY,
        wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize,
        ["Hello", "Hi there", "Greetings", "Good day", "Howdy", "Salutations"],
    );
    $choice->SetSelection(0);
    $add_row->("Greeting: ", $choice);

    $root->Add($in_sizer, 0, wxEXPAND | wxLEFT | wxRIGHT | wxBOTTOM, 10);

    # ── Button row ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    my $btn_row  = Wx::BoxSizer->new(wxHORIZONTAL);
    my $gen_btn  = Wx::Button->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "Generate ▶");
    my $clr_btn  = Wx::Button->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "Clear");
    $gen_btn->SetDefault;   # Pressing Enter anywhere triggers this
    $btn_row->Add($gen_btn, 0, wxRIGHT, 8);
    $btn_row->Add($clr_btn, 0);
    $root->Add($btn_row, 0, wxLEFT | wxBOTTOM, 10);

    # ── Output text area — StaticBoxSizer with multiline TextCtrl ─────
    my $out_sizer = Wx::StaticBoxSizer->new(
        Wx::StaticBox->new($panel, wxID_ANY, "Generated Greetings"),
        wxVERTICAL,
    );
    my $output = Wx::TextCtrl->new(
        $panel, wxID_ANY, "",
        wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize,
        wxTE_MULTILINE | wxTE_READONLY,  # Read-only, multi-line
    );
    $output->SetFont(Wx::Font->new(
        12, wxFONTFAMILY_MODERN, wxFONTSTYLE_NORMAL, wxFONTWEIGHT_NORMAL
    ));
    $out_sizer->Add($output, 1, wxEXPAND | wxALL, 4);
    $root->Add($out_sizer, 1, wxEXPAND | wxLEFT | wxRIGHT | wxBOTTOM, 10);

    $panel->SetSizer($root);

    # ── Store widget refs in $self for use in callbacks ───────────────
    $self->{name_ctrl} = $name_ctrl;
    $self->{choice}    = $choice;
    $self->{output}    = $output;

    # ── Bind events ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
    EVT_BUTTON($self, $gen_btn, \&on_generate);
    EVT_BUTTON($self, $clr_btn, \&on_new);
    EVT_TEXT_ENTER($self, $name_ctrl, \&on_generate);  # Enter in text field
}

sub _build_statusbar {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->CreateStatusBar(2);
    $self->SetStatusWidths(-1, 150);     # Field 0 stretches, field 1 = 150px
    $self->SetStatusText("Ready", 0);
    $self->SetStatusText("wxPerl v$Wx::VERSION", 1);
}

# ── Callbacks ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sub on_generate {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $name  = $self->{name_ctrl}->GetValue;
    $name = "World" unless length $name;
    my $greet = $self->{choice}->GetStringSelection;
    $self->{count}++;
    my $line = sprintf "%3d.  %s, %s!\n", $self->{count}, $greet, $name;
    $self->{output}->AppendText($line);
    $self->SetStatusText("Generated greeting #$self->{count}", 0);
}

sub on_new {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->{output}->Clear;
    $self->{name_ctrl}->Clear;
    $self->{count} = 0;
    $self->SetStatusText("Cleared", 0);
}

sub on_about {
    my ($self) = @_;
    Wx::MessageBox(
        "wxPerl Greeting Generator\n\n"
      . "Demonstrates:\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Wx::Frame / Wx::Panel\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Wx::BoxSizer / Wx::StaticBoxSizer\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Wx::TextCtrl, Wx::Choice, Wx::Button\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Menus, status bar, events\n\n"
      . "Running wxWidgets $Wx::wx_version",
        "About", wxOK | wxICON_INFORMATION, $self,
    );
}

sub on_close {
    my ($self, $event) = @_;
    # Show confirmation only if greetings have been generated
    if ($self->{count} > 0) {
        my $dlg = Wx::MessageDialog->new(
            $self,
            "Exit the application?",
            "Confirm",
            wxYES_NO | wxICON_QUESTION | wxNO_DEFAULT,
        );
        my $answer = $dlg->ShowModal;
        $dlg->Destroy;
        return unless $answer == wxID_YES;
    }
    $self->Destroy;
}

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Entry point
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
package main;
GreetApp->new->MainLoop;

use Gtk3 '-init';   # Initializes GTK3 with the display; must be first
use Glib qw(TRUE FALSE);  # Import Glib boolean constants

# Create window
my $win = Gtk3::Window->new('toplevel');
$win->set_title("My App");
$win->set_default_size(700, 500);
$win->set_border_width(10);

# MUST handle window close — otherwise clicking X does nothing!
$win->signal_connect(destroy => sub { Gtk3->main_quit });

# ... add widgets ...

$win->show_all;    # Show window and ALL child widgets
Gtk3->main;        # Enter event loop (blocks until main_quit)

# $widget->signal_connect($signal_name => $callback, @extra_args)
$button->signal_connect(clicked => sub {
    my ($btn, $user_data) = @_;   # Widget that emitted + any extra args
    print "Button clicked!\n";
});

$entry->signal_connect('activate' => sub {   # 'activate' = Enter key
    my $text = $entry->get_text;
    print "Entered: $text\n";
});

$win->signal_connect('key-press-event' => sub {
    my ($widget, $event) = @_;
    return FALSE;   # Return TRUE to stop further processing
});

my $vbox = Gtk3::Box->new('vertical', 6);  # 'vertical', spacing=6
$win->add($vbox);

# pack_start($child, $expand, $fill, $padding)
$vbox->pack_start($label,  FALSE, FALSE, 5);  # Fixed size
$vbox->pack_start($entry,  TRUE,  TRUE,  5);  # Stretches
$vbox->pack_end  ($button, FALSE, FALSE, 5);  # Packed from bottom

# Grid layout
my $grid = Gtk3::Grid->new;
$grid->set_column_spacing(8);
$grid->set_row_spacing(6);
$grid->attach($label, 0, 0, 1, 1);   # col, row, col_span, row_span
$grid->attach($entry, 1, 0, 1, 1);
$entry->set_hexpand(TRUE);            # Entry stretches horizontally

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  gtk3_hello.pl  —  Minimal Gtk3 window
#  Install:  pkg install p5-Gtk3
#  Run:      perl gtk3_hello.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use Gtk3 '-init';
use Glib qw(TRUE FALSE);

# Main window
my $win = Gtk3::Window->new('toplevel');
$win->set_title('Hello from Gtk3!');
$win->set_default_size(380, 170);
$win->set_border_width(20);
$win->signal_connect(destroy => sub { Gtk3->main_quit });

# Vertical layout box
my $vbox = Gtk3::Box->new('vertical', 12);
$win->add($vbox);

# Title label — use markup for rich text
my $label = Gtk3::Label->new('');
$label->set_markup(
    'Hello, Gtk3!'
);
$vbox->pack_start($label, TRUE, TRUE, 0);

# Button
my $btn = Gtk3::Button->new_with_label('Greet Me');
$btn->signal_connect(clicked => sub {
    my $dlg = Gtk3::MessageDialog->new(
        $win,                  # Parent window (for centering)
        'destroy-with-parent', # Flags
        'info',                # Message type: info warning error question
        'ok',                  # Buttons: none ok ok-cancel yes-no
        'Greetings from Gtk3 on FreeBSD 16!'
    );
    $dlg->run;
    $dlg->destroy;
});
$vbox->pack_start($btn, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

$win->show_all;
Gtk3->main;

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  gtk3_color_mixer.pl  —  Gtk3 RGB Color Mixer
#  Demonstrates: Scale, Grid, CSS, markup, clipboard, preset buttons
#  Install:  pkg install p5-Gtk3 p5-Glib
#  Run:      perl gtk3_color_mixer.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use Gtk3 '-init';
use Glib qw(TRUE FALSE);

# ── Main window ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $win = Gtk3::Window->new('toplevel');
$win->set_title('Gtk3 RGB Color Mixer');
$win->set_default_size(520, 440);
$win->set_border_width(14);
$win->signal_connect(destroy => sub { Gtk3->main_quit });

my $root = Gtk3::Box->new('vertical', 10);
$win->add($root);

# ── Title ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $title = Gtk3::Label->new('');
$title->set_markup('RGB Color Mixer');
$root->pack_start($title, FALSE, FALSE, 4);

# ── Color preview: an EventBox so we can change its background ────────────────
my $preview_eb = Gtk3::EventBox->new;
$preview_eb->set_size_request(-1, 90);
my $preview_lbl = Gtk3::Label->new('');
$preview_lbl->set_markup('#808080');
$preview_eb->add($preview_lbl);
$root->pack_start($preview_eb, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

# CSS provider for background color — we update it as sliders move
my $css = Gtk3::CssProvider->new;

# ── Slider grid ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $grid = Gtk3::Grid->new;
$grid->set_row_spacing(8);
$grid->set_column_spacing(10);
$grid->set_margin_top(8);
$root->pack_start($grid, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

my (%sliders, %val_labels);
my @channels = (
    ['R', 'Red',   '#cc3333'],
    ['G', 'Green', '#33cc55'],
    ['B', 'Blue',  '#3366cc'],
);

for my $i (0 .. $#channels) {
    my ($key, $name, $color) = @{ $channels[$i] };

    # Colored name label
    my $name_lbl = Gtk3::Label->new('');
    $name_lbl->set_markup(
        "$name"
    );
    $name_lbl->set_halign('end');
    $grid->attach($name_lbl, 0, $i, 1, 1);

    # Slider (Scale widget)
    my $scale = Gtk3::Scale->new_with_range('horizontal', 0, 255, 1);
    $scale->set_value(128);
    $scale->set_draw_value(FALSE);   # Hide built-in value label (we make our own)
    $scale->set_hexpand(TRUE);
    $sliders{$key} = $scale;
    $grid->attach($scale, 1, $i, 1, 1);

    # Value readout
    my $vl = Gtk3::Label->new('');
    $vl->set_markup('128');
    $vl->set_width_chars(4);
    $vl->set_halign('start');
    $val_labels{$key} = $vl;
    $grid->attach($vl, 2, $i, 1, 1);
}

# ── Separator ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
$root->pack_start(Gtk3::Separator->new('horizontal'), FALSE, FALSE, 2);

# ── Preset buttons ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $preset_outer = Gtk3::Box->new('horizontal', 6);
$preset_outer->set_margin_start(2);
$root->pack_start($preset_outer, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
$preset_outer->pack_start(Gtk3::Label->new('Presets:'), FALSE, FALSE, 0);

my %presets = (
    Amber   => [240, 160, 48],
    Red     => [220,  50, 50],
    Green   => [ 50, 180, 80],
    Blue    => [ 40, 100, 210],
    White   => [255, 255, 255],
    Black   => [  0,   0,   0],
    Violet  => [150,  60, 200],
);

for my $name (sort keys %presets) {
    my @rgb = @{ $presets{$name} };
    my $btn = Gtk3::Button->new_with_label($name);
    $btn->signal_connect(clicked => sub {
        $sliders{R}->set_value($rgb[0]);
        $sliders{G}->set_value($rgb[1]);
        $sliders{B}->set_value($rgb[2]);
        # update_color is called by slider value-changed signals
    });
    $preset_outer->pack_start($btn, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
}

# ── Copy hex button ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $copy_btn = Gtk3::Button->new_with_label('Copy Hex');
$preset_outer->pack_end($copy_btn, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

# ── Hex label at bottom ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $hex_lbl = Gtk3::Label->new('');
$hex_lbl->set_markup(
    '#808080'
);
$root->pack_start($hex_lbl, FALSE, FALSE, 4);

# ── Update callback: recompute color from slider positions ────────────────────
my $update_color = sub {
    my $r = int($sliders{R}->get_value);
    my $g = int($sliders{G}->get_value);
    my $b = int($sliders{B}->get_value);
    my $hex = sprintf "#%02x%02x%02x", $r, $g, $b;

    # Update value readout labels
    for my $info (['R', $r], ['G', $g], ['B', $b]) {
        my ($key, $val) = @$info;
        $val_labels{$key}->set_markup(
            "$val"
        );
    }
    # Update hex display labels
    my $markup = "$hex";
    $hex_lbl->set_markup($markup);
    $preview_lbl->set_markup(
        "$hex"
    );

    # Update preview background via CSS
    $css->load_from_data("* { background-color: $hex; }");
    $preview_eb->get_style_context->add_provider(
        $css, Gtk3::STYLE_PROVIDER_PRIORITY_APPLICATION
    );
};

# Connect all sliders to the update function
for my $key (qw(R G B)) {
    $sliders{$key}->signal_connect('value-changed' => $update_color);
}

# Copy to clipboard
$copy_btn->signal_connect(clicked => sub {
    my $r = int($sliders{R}->get_value);
    my $g = int($sliders{G}->get_value);
    my $b = int($sliders{B}->get_value);
    my $hex = sprintf "#%02x%02x%02x", $r, $g, $b;
    my $clip = Gtk3::Clipboard::get(Gtk3::Gdk::Atom::intern('CLIPBOARD', FALSE));
    $clip->set_text($hex, -1);
});

$update_color->();   # Set initial display state
$win->show_all;
Gtk3->main;

use Prima qw(Application Buttons Labels InputLine Edit MsgBox);

# Exactly one application object per program
my $app = Prima::Application->new(
    name  => 'MyApp',    # Used in title bar on some platforms
    title => 'MyApp',
);

# Main window — use Prima::MainWindow (not Prima::Window)
# Prima::MainWindow automatically calls $::application->close on destroy
my $win = Prima::MainWindow->new(
    text     => 'My Application',   # Window title
    size     => [700, 500],         # [width, height] in pixels
    centered => 1,                  # Center on screen
    # Optional: override destroy behavior
    onDestroy => sub { $::application->close },
);

$app->run;   # Enter event loop — blocks until all windows close

# Method 1: parent->insert('ClassName', props...)
my $btn = $win->insert('Prima::Button',
    text    => 'Click Me',
    origin  => [10, 20],     # [x, y] from bottom-left
    size    => [100, 32],    # [width, height]
    onClick => sub { ... },
);

# Method 2: direct construction
my $lbl = Prima::Label->new($win,
    text      => 'Hello!',
    origin    => [20, 400],  # Near top of 500px window
    size      => [200, 24],
    alignment => ta::Center,
    font      => { size => 14, style => fs::Bold },
);

# Read/write properties after creation
print $btn->text;         # Get
$btn->text('New Label');  # Set

# Colors: use hex-string or Prima color constants
$lbl->color(cl::Blue);           # Foreground
$lbl->backColor(0xF0E0D0);       # Background (hex integer)
$lbl->backColor(Prima::Color::from_rgb(240, 160, 48)); # RGB

# menuItems is an arrayref of [label => [items...]]
$win->menuItems([
    ['~File' => [
        # Each item: [id, label, hotkey_display, keystroke, callback]
        ['new_item',  '~New',  'Ctrl+N', '^N', sub { ... }],
        ['*'],                            # Separator
        ['exit_item', 'E~xit', 'Ctrl+Q', '^Q',
            sub { $::application->close }
        ],
    ]],
    ['~Help' => [
        ['about_item', '~About', '', '',
            sub { Prima::MsgBox::message("About MyApp", mb::Ok) }
        ],
    ]],
]);

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  prima_hello.pl  —  Minimal Prima window
#  Install:  pkg install p5-Prima   OR   cpanm Prima
#  Run:      perl prima_hello.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use Prima qw(Application Buttons Labels MsgBox);

# One application object
my $app = Prima::Application->new(name => 'Hello');

# Main window (800px wide, 200px tall)
my $win = Prima::MainWindow->new(
    text     => 'Hello from Prima!',
    size     => [400, 200],
    centered => 1,
    # REMEMBER: y=0 is bottom-left; y=170 is near the top of a 200px window
    onDestroy => sub { $::application->close },
);

# Label — placed near the top (y=140 in a 200px window)
$win->insert('Prima::Label',
    text      => 'Hello, Prima!',
    origin    => [50, 130],     # 50px from left, 130px from bottom
    size      => [300, 36],
    alignment => ta::Center,
    font      => { size => 18, style => fs::Bold },
);

# Explanation label
$win->insert('Prima::Label',
    text   => "Y=0 is bottom-left in Prima's coordinate system",
    origin => [20, 90],
    size   => [360, 24],
    alignment => ta::Center,
    font   => { size => 10 },
    color  => cl::DarkGray,
);

# Button
$win->insert('Prima::Button',
    text   => 'Click Me',
    origin => [150, 30],         # 150px from left, 30px from bottom
    size   => [100, 40],
    onClick => sub {
        Prima::MsgBox::message("Greetings from Prima!", mb::Ok);
    },
);

$app->run;

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  prima_notepad.pl  —  Prima simple notepad
#  Demonstrates: MainWindow, menus, GroupBox, InputLine, Edit, Button,
#                onResize to keep layout responsive, MsgBox
#  Install:  pkg install p5-Prima   OR   cpanm Prima
#  Run:      perl prima_notepad.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use Prima qw(Application Buttons Labels InputLine Edit MsgBox StdDlg GroupBox);

# ── State ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $current_file = '';
my $count        = 0;

# ── Application ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $app = Prima::Application->new(name => 'PrimaNotepad');

# ── Main window ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $win = Prima::MainWindow->new(
    text     => 'Prima Notepad',
    size     => [680, 520],
    centered => 1,
    onDestroy => sub { $::application->close },
);

# ── Menus ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
$win->menuItems([
    ['~File' => [
        ['new_m',  '~New',     'Ctrl+N', '^N', \&on_new ],
        ['open_m', '~Open…',   'Ctrl+O', '^O', \&on_open],
        ['save_m', '~Save As…','Ctrl+S', '^S', \&on_save],
        ['*'],
        ['exit_m', 'E~xit',    'Ctrl+Q', '^Q', sub { $::application->close }],
    ]],
    ['~Edit' => [
        ['clear_m', 'Clear ~All', '', '', \&on_clear],
    ]],
    ['~Help' => [
        ['about_m', '~About', '', '', \&on_about],
    ]],
]);

# ── Toolbar area (near top — remember y=0 is bottom!) ─────────────────────────
# In a 520px window:
#   y=480 = very top
#   y=460 = toolbar row
#   y=350 = search group top
#   y=  0 = very bottom

# Toolbar buttons along the top
for my $info (
    ['New',    \&on_new,   10],
    ['Open',   \&on_open,  70],
    ['Save',   \&on_save, 130],
    ['Clear',  \&on_clear,190],
) {
    my ($label, $cb, $x) = @$info;
    $win->insert('Prima::Button',
        text   => $label,
        origin => [$x, 476],   # 476px from bottom = near top of 520px window
        size   => [55, 28],
        onClick => $cb,
    );
}

# ── Search / Input group ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $grp = $win->insert('Prima::GroupBox',
    text   => 'Add Entry',
    origin => [8, 390],    # y=390 in 520px window
    size   => [660, 80],
);

$grp->insert('Prima::Label',
    text   => 'Text:',
    origin => [10, 36],
    size   => [40, 22],
);

my $input = $grp->insert('Prima::InputLine',
    origin => [56, 33],
    size   => [480, 26],
    text   => '',
);

my $add_btn = $grp->insert('Prima::Button',
    text    => 'Add ▶',
    origin  => [545, 28],
    size    => [100, 36],
    onClick => \&on_add_entry,
);

# ── Main edit area ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $edit = $win->insert('Prima::Edit',
    origin   => [8, 30],     # 30px from bottom (leaves room for status)
    size     => [660, 354],  # Fills most of the window
    readOnly => 1,
    wordWrap => 1,
    font     => { name => 'Courier', size => 11 },
    backColor => cl::White,
);

# ── Status label at the very bottom ────────────────────────────────────────────
my $status = $win->insert('Prima::Label',
    text   => 'Ready — type text above and click Add',
    origin => [8, 6],
    size   => [660, 20],
    font   => { size => 10 },
    color  => cl::DarkGray,
);

# ── Resize handler — keep widgets proportional when window resizes ─────────────
$win->onResize(sub {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my ($w, $h) = ($self->width, $self->height);
    # Reposition toolbar buttons
    $add_btn->origin($add_btn->left, $h - 44);
    # Move group box
    $grp->origin(8, $h - 130);
    # Resize edit area
    $edit->size($w - 20, $h - 180);
    # Keep status at very bottom
    $status->size($w - 20, 20);
});

# ── Callbacks ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sub on_add_entry {
    my $text = $input->text;
    return unless length $text;
    $count++;
    $edit->text(
        $edit->text . sprintf("%3d.  %s\n", $count, $text)
    );
    $input->text('');
    $status->text("Added entry #$count");
}

sub on_new {
    $edit->text('');
    $current_file = '';
    $count = 0;
    $win->text('Prima Notepad');
    $status->text('New document');
}

sub on_clear {
    $edit->text('');
    $count = 0;
    $status->text('Cleared');
}

sub on_open {
    my $dlg = Prima::OpenDialog->new(
        filter => [['Text files' => '*.txt'], ['All files' => '*']],
    );
    if ($dlg->execute) {
        my $file = $dlg->fileName;
        if (open my $fh, '<', $file) {
            local $/;
            $edit->text(<$fh>);
            close $fh;
            $current_file = $file;
            $win->text("Prima Notepad — $file");
            $status->text("Opened: $file");
        } else {
            Prima::MsgBox::message("Could not open: $!", mb::Ok);
        }
    }
    $dlg->destroy;
}

sub on_save {
    my $dlg = Prima::SaveDialog->new(
        fileName => $current_file || 'untitled.txt',
        filter   => [['Text files' => '*.txt'], ['All files' => '*']],
    );
    if ($dlg->execute) {
        my $file = $dlg->fileName;
        if (open my $fh, '>', $file) {
            print $fh $edit->text;
            close $fh;
            $current_file = $file;
            $win->text("Prima Notepad — $file");
            $status->text("Saved: $file");
        } else {
            Prima::MsgBox::message("Could not save: $!", mb::Ok);
        }
    }
    $dlg->destroy;
}

sub on_about {
    Prima::MsgBox::message(
        "Prima Notepad\n\n"
      . "Demonstrates:\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Prima::MainWindow\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Menus (menuItems)\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Prima::GroupBox layout\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Prima::InputLine, Prima::Edit\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Prima::OpenDialog, SaveDialog\n"
      . "  \x{2022}  Bottom-left coordinate system",
        mb::Ok,
    );
}

$app->run;

pkg install iup    # The C library
cpanm IUP          # The Perl binding
perl -e 'use IUP; print "IUP OK\n"'

use IUP ':all';

# Widgets are created with attributes as a hash
my $btn = IUP::Button->new(TITLE => "Click Me", SIZE => "80x30");

# Attributes can be read and set at any time
$btn->TITLE("New Text");           # Set
my $txt = $btn->TITLE;             # Get

# Sizes in IUP use a special format:
#   "WxH"      absolute pixels
#   "HALFxHALF"  half the container
#   ""         natural (auto) size
# Colors: "R G B" (0-255) or color names
$btn->BGCOLOR("255 128 0");        # Orange background
$btn->FGCOLOR("255 255 255");      # White text

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  iup_hello.pl  —  Minimal IUP window
#  Install:  pkg install iup && cpanm IUP
#  Run:      perl iup_hello.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use IUP ':all';

IUP->Open() or die "Cannot init IUP\n";

my $lbl = IUP::Label->new(
    TITLE     => "Hello from IUP!",
    FONT      => "Helvetica, Bold 18",
    ALIGNMENT => "ACENTER:ACENTER",
);

my $btn = IUP::Button->new(
    TITLE   => "Click Me",
    SIZE    => "80x28",
    ACTION  => sub {
        IUP->Message("Hello", "Greetings from IUP on FreeBSD!");
        return IUP_DEFAULT;
    },
);

my $vbox = IUP::Vbox->new(
    MARGIN    => "20x20",
    GAP       => "10",
    ALIGNMENT => "ACENTER",
    $lbl, $btn,
);

my $dlg = IUP::Dialog->new(
    TITLE  => "IUP Hello World",
    $vbox,
);

$dlg->ShowXY(IUP_CENTER, IUP_CENTER);
IUP->MainLoop;
IUP->Close;

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# =============================================================================
#  iup_converter.pl  —  IUP Unit Converter
#  Demonstrates: Vbox/Hbox layout, Text, List, Label, menus, timer
#  Install:  pkg install iup && cpanm IUP
#  Run:      perl iup_converter.pl
# =============================================================================
use strict;
use warnings;
use IUP ':all';

IUP->Open() or die "Cannot init IUP\n";

# ── Conversion table ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my %conversions = (
    'km  → miles'   => sub { $_[0] * 0.621371 },
    'miles → km'    => sub { $_[0] * 1.60934  },
    'kg  → pounds'  => sub { $_[0] * 2.20462  },
    'pounds → kg'   => sub { $_[0] * 0.453592 },
    'C°  → F°'      => sub { $_[0] * 9/5 + 32 },
    'F°  → C°'      => sub { ($_[0] - 32) * 5/9 },
    'cm  → inches'  => sub { $_[0] * 0.393701 },
    'inches → cm'   => sub { $_[0] * 2.54     },
    'liters → gal'  => sub { $_[0] * 0.264172 },
    'gal → liters'  => sub { $_[0] * 3.78541  },
);

# ── Widgets ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $input_lbl = IUP::Label->new(TITLE => "Input value:");

my $input = IUP::Text->new(
    SIZE    => "100x",
    VALUE   => "0",
    SPIN    => "YES",        # Add spinner buttons
);

my $conv_lbl = IUP::Label->new(TITLE => "Conversion:");

# Build the list string (IUP uses |-separated values for list items)
my @conv_names = sort keys %conversions;
my $list = IUP::List->new(
    SIZE      => "150x130",
    VISIBLELINES => "8",
    VALUE        => "1",         # Select first item
);
$list->$_(1 + $_, $conv_names[$_]) for 0..$#conv_names;

my $result_lbl = IUP::Label->new(
    TITLE  => "Result: —",
    FONT   => "Helvetica, Bold 14",
    SIZE   => "200x",
);

my $convert_btn = IUP::Button->new(
    TITLE  => "Convert  ▶",
    SIZE   => "80x28",
    BGCOLOR => "0 100 200",
    FGCOLOR => "255 255 255",
);

# ── Layout ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $top_hbox = IUP::Hbox->new(
    MARGIN    => "0x0",
    GAP       => "8",
    ALIGNMENT => "ACENTER",
    $input_lbl, $input,
);

my $main_vbox = IUP::Vbox->new(
    MARGIN    => "16x16",
    GAP       => "10",
    ALIGNMENT => "ACENTER",
    $top_hbox,
    IUP::Label->new(TITLE => ""),  # Spacer
    $conv_lbl,
    $list,
    $convert_btn,
    IUP::Fill->new,               # Flexible space
    $result_lbl,
);

# ── Dialog ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
my $dlg = IUP::Dialog->new(
    TITLE   => "IUP Unit Converter",
    SIZE    => "240x340",
    MINSIZE => "220x300",
    $main_vbox,
);

# ── Events ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
$convert_btn->ACTION(sub {
    my $raw = $input->VALUE;
    unless ($raw =~ /^-?\d+\.?\d*$/) {
        $result_lbl->TITLE("Error: not a number");
        return IUP_DEFAULT;
    }
    my $value   = $raw + 0;
    my $sel_idx = $list->VALUE - 1;   # IUP list index is 1-based
    my $name    = $conv_names[$sel_idx];
    my $func    = $conversions{$name};
    my $result  = $func->($value);
    $result_lbl->TITLE(sprintf "%.6g  %s", $result, $name);
    return IUP_DEFAULT;
});

# Allow Enter key in input field to trigger conversion
$input->ACTION(sub {
    $convert_btn->ACTION->();
    return IUP_DEFAULT;
});

$dlg->ShowXY(IUP_CENTER, IUP_CENTER);
IUP->MainLoop;
IUP->Close;

##############################################################
## Perl/Tk (reference)
use Tk;
my $mw  = MainWindow->new;
my $lbl = $mw->Label(-text => "Hello")->pack;
my $btn = $mw->Button(-text => "Click", -command => sub {...})->pack;
MainLoop;

##############################################################
## wxPerl
use Wx qw(:everything); use Wx::Event qw(EVT_BUTTON);
package App; use parent -norequire, 'Wx::App';
sub OnInit {
    my $f = Wx::Frame->new(undef, wxID_ANY, "Title");
    my $p = Wx::Panel->new($f, wxID_ANY);
    my $s = Wx::BoxSizer->new(wxVERTICAL);
    my $l = Wx::StaticText->new($p, wxID_ANY, "Hello");
    my $b = Wx::Button->new($p, wxID_ANY, "Click");
    EVT_BUTTON($f, $b, sub {...});
    $s->Add($l, 0, wxALL, 5); $s->Add($b, 0, wxALL, 5);
    $p->SetSizer($s); $f->Show(1); return 1;
}
package main; App->new->MainLoop;

##############################################################
## Gtk3
use Gtk3 '-init';
my $w = Gtk3::Window->new('toplevel');
my $v = Gtk3::Box->new('vertical', 6);
my $l = Gtk3::Label->new("Hello");
my $b = Gtk3::Button->new_with_label("Click");
$b->signal_connect(clicked => sub {...});
$v->pack_start($l, 0,0,5); $v->pack_start($b, 0,0,5);
$w->add($v); $w->show_all; Gtk3->main;

##############################################################
## Prima
use Prima qw(Application Buttons Labels);
my $app = Prima::Application->new;
my $win = Prima::MainWindow->new(size => [300, 150]);
$win->insert('Prima::Label',  text => "Hello", origin => [20,100], size => [200,24]);
$win->insert('Prima::Button', text => "Click", origin => [100,30], size => [80,32],
    onClick => sub {...});
$app->run;

##############################################################
## IUP
use IUP ':all'; IUP->Open;
my $l = IUP::Label->new(TITLE => "Hello");
my $b = IUP::Button->new(TITLE => "Click", ACTION => sub {...; IUP_DEFAULT});
my $v = IUP::Vbox->new($l, $b);
IUP::Dialog->new(TITLE => "Title", $v)->ShowXY(IUP_CENTER, IUP_CENTER);
IUP->MainLoop; IUP->Close;

# On your macOS host — get Lima VM SSH port
PORT=$(limactl list --format '{{.SSHLocalPort}}' experimental/freebsd-16)
KEY=~/.lima/_config/user

# Copy script(s) to the FreeBSD VM
scp -P $PORT -i $KEY wx_greeting.pl 127.0.0.1:~/

# Connect with X11 forwarding and run
ssh -X -p $PORT -i $KEY -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no 127.0.0.1

# Inside the VM:
perl wx_greeting.pl        # Window opens in XQuartz on your Mac desktop
perl gtk3_color_mixer.pl
perl prima_notepad.pl
perl iup_converter.pl