Endings added to the stem. Sg = singular; Pl = plural. Nom = Nominative,
Gen = Genitive, Dat = Dative, Acc = Accusative,
Abl = Ablative, Voc = Vocative, Loc = Locative.
A dash (—) in the Nominative means the stem itself is the form; "= Nom" means identical to Nominative.
Endings are appended directly to the verb stem. PPP = Perfect Passive Participle (declines 2-1-2). Active personal endings (pres. system): -ō/-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt. Passive personal endings (pres. system): -r, -ris/-re, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur.
Primary vs. Secondary Personal Endings
Active
| Primary (Pres/Fut/FutPf) | Secondary (Impf/Perf/Plpf) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | -ō / -m | -m |
| 2sg | -s | -s (-tī in perf) |
| 3sg | -t | -t |
| 1pl | -mus | -mus |
| 2pl | -tis | -tis (-stis in perf) |
| 3pl | -nt | -nt (-ērunt in perf) |
Passive
| Primary (Pres/Fut) | Secondary (Impf) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | -r | -r |
| 2sg | -ris / -re | -ris / -re |
| 3sg | -tur | -tur |
| 1pl | -mur | -mur |
| 2pl | -minī | -minī |
| 3pl | -ntur | -ntur |
Enclitics are suffixes appended directly to the end of a word. They are written without a space and shift the accent to the syllable immediately before them. The four primary Latin enclitics are -que, -ve, -ne, and -cum.
-cum: Pronoun Fusion Table
Preposition cum fused to pronouns
| Pronoun | Meaning | + cum = |
|---|---|---|
| mē (abl. of ego) | me | mēcum |
| tē (abl. of tū) | you (sg.) | tēcum |
| sē (abl. reflexive) | himself/herself/itself | sēcum |
| nōbīs (abl. of nōs) | us | nōbīscum |
| vōbīs (abl. of vōs) | you (pl.) | vōbīscum |
| quō / quā (abl. of quī) | whom / which | quōcum / quācum |
| quibus (abl. pl. of quī) | whom / which (pl.) | quibuscum |
-cum does not attach to nouns; use cum + ablative for nouns.