Declensions · Conjugations · All Voices
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -η / -ᾱ | -αι | -ᾱ |
| Gen. | -ης / -ᾱς | -ᾱων / -ῶν | |
| Dat. | -ῃ / -ᾳ | -ῃσι / -αις | -αιν |
| Acc. | -ην / -ᾱν | -ᾱς | |
| Voc. | -η / -ᾱ | -αι | = nom. |
Pure -η stems keep η throughout. Stems after ε, ι, ρ use -ᾱ.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ης | -αι |
| Gen. | -αο / -εω / -ου | -ᾱων / -ῶν |
| Dat. | -ῃ | -ῃσι / -αις |
| Acc. | -ην | -ᾱς |
| Voc. | -ᾱ | -αι |
Masculine vocative sg. uniquely ends in -ᾱ (short alpha).
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ᾱς | -αι |
| Gen. | -ου | -ῶν |
| Dat. | -ᾳ | -αις |
| Acc. | -ᾱν | -ᾱς |
| Voc. | -ᾱ | -αι |
Gen. sg. -ου (not -αο) is distinctly Attic prose.
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ος | -οι | -ω |
| Gen. | -ου | -ων | |
| Dat. | -ῳ | -οισι / -οις | -οιν |
| Acc. | -ον | -ους | |
| Voc. | -ε | -οι | = nom. |
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ον | -α | -ω |
| Gen. | -ου | -ων | |
| Dat. | -ῳ | -οισι / -οις | -οιν |
| Acc. | -ον | -α | |
| Voc. | -ον | -α | = nom. |
Neuter rule: nom. = acc. = voc. always. Plural nom./acc./voc. always -α.
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | — (varies) | -ες | -ε |
| Gen. | -ος | -ων | |
| Dat. | -ι | -εσσι / -σι | -οιν |
| Acc. | -α | -ας | |
| Voc. | = nom. | -ες | = nom. |
Nom. sg. varies by stem class; always learn the gen. sg. to find the true stem.
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ος | -εα / -η | -εε |
| Gen. | -εος / -ους | -έων / -ῶν | |
| Dat. | -εϊ / -ει | -έεσσι / -εσι | -έοιν / -οιν |
| Acc. | -ος | -εα / -η | |
| Voc. | -ος | -εα / -η | = nom. |
Intervocalic sigma drops; contraction produces Attic forms in -ους / -ῶν / -ει.
| Case | -ι Sg. | -ι Pl. | -υ Sg. | -υ Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ις | -εις | -υς | -εις |
| Gen. | -εως | -εων | -εως | -εων |
| Dat. | -ει | -εσι | -ει | -εσι |
| Acc. | -ιν | -εις | -υν | -εις |
| Voc. | -ι | -εις | -υ | -εις |
Gen. sg. -εως (Attic) with recessive accent (Attic declension pattern).
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. | F. | N. | M. | F. | N. | M./N. | F. | |
| Nom. | -ος | -η / -ᾱ | -ον | -οι | -αι | -α | -ω | -ᾱ |
| Gen. | -ου | -ης / -ᾱς | -ου | -ων | -ῶν | -ων | -οιν | -αιν |
| Dat. | -ῳ | -ῃ / -ᾳ | -ῳ | -οις | -αις | -οις | -οιν | -αιν |
| Acc. | -ον | -ην / -ᾱν | -ον | -ους | -ᾱς | -α | -ω | -ᾱ |
| Voc. | -ε | -η / -ᾱ | -ον | -οι | -αι | -α | -ω | -ᾱ |
Adjectives agree with their noun in gender, number, and case. Masculine/neuter → 2nd declension; feminine → 1st declension.
| Case | M. Sg. | F. Sg. | N. Sg. | M. Pl. | F. Pl. | N. Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ὁ | ἡ | τό | οἱ | αἱ | τά |
| Gen. | τοῦ | τῆς | τοῦ | τῶν | τῶν | τῶν |
| Dat. | τῷ | τῇ | τῷ | τοῖς | ταῖς | τοῖς |
| Acc. | τόν | τήν | τό | τούς | τάς | τά |
Nom. sg. m. ὁ and f. ἡ are the only forms without the τ- prefix. There is no vocative.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ω | -μεν |
| 2nd | -εις | -τε |
| 3rd | -ει | -ουσι(ν) |
-μι verbs use -μι / -ς / -σι / -μεν / -τε / -ᾱσι instead.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ον | -ομεν |
| 2nd | -ες | -ετε |
| 3rd | -ε(ν) | -ον |
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ομαι | -ομεθα |
| 2nd | -εαι / -ῃ / -ει | -εσθε |
| 3rd | -εται | -ονται |
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ομην | -ομεθα |
| 2nd | -εο / -ευ / -ου | -εσθε |
| 3rd | -ετο | -οντο |
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -αμην | -αμεθα |
| 2nd | -αο / -ω | -ασθε |
| 3rd | -ατο | -αντο |
The alpha-vowel throughout distinguishes these from the secondary (imperfect) mid./pass. endings.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -θην | -θημεν |
| 2nd | -θης | -θητε |
| 3rd | -θη | -θησαν |
-θη- marker is the hallmark of the aorist passive; the 2nd aorist passive uses -η- without theta.
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ω | -ομεν |
| 2nd | -εις | -ετε |
| 3rd | -ει | -ουσι(ν) |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ον | -ομεν |
| 2nd | -ες | -ετε |
| 3rd | -ε(ν) | -ον |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -σω | -σομεν |
| 2nd | -σεις | -σετε |
| 3rd | -σει | -σουσι(ν) |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -σα | -σαμεν |
| 2nd | -σας | -σατε |
| 3rd | -σε(ν) | -σαν |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ον | -ομεν |
| 2nd | -ες | -ετε |
| 3rd | -ε(ν) | -ον |
Identical endings to imperfect; distinguished by the different verb stem (3rd principal part).
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -κα | -καμεν |
| 2nd | -κας | -κατε |
| 3rd | -κε(ν) | -κασι(ν) |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -κη / -κεα | -κεμεν |
| 2nd | -κης / -κεας | -κετε |
| 3rd | -κει / -κεε | -κεσαν |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ομαι | -ομεθα |
| 2nd | -ῃ / -εαι | -εσθε |
| 3rd | -εται | -ονται |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ομην | -ομεθα |
| 2nd | -ου | -εσθε |
| 3rd | -ετο | -οντο |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -σομαι | -σομεθα |
| 2nd | -σῃ / -σεαι | -σεσθε |
| 3rd | -σεται | -σονται |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -σαμην | -σαμεθα |
| 2nd | -σω / -σαο | -σασθε |
| 3rd | -σατο | -σαντο |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ομην | -ομεθα |
| 2nd | -ου | -εσθε |
| 3rd | -ετο | -οντο |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -θησομαι | -θησομεθα |
| 2nd | -θησῃ | -θησεσθε |
| 3rd | -θήσεται | -θήσονται |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -μαι | -μεθα |
| 2nd | -σαι | -σθε |
| 3rd | -ται | -νται / -αται |
Consonant-final stems undergo assimilation before endings (e.g. γέγραφ- + μαι → γέγραμμαι).
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -μην | -μεθα |
| 2nd | -σο | -σθε |
| 3rd | -το | -ντο / -ατο |
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -σομαι | -σομεθα |
| 2nd | -σῃ / -σεαι | -σεσθε |
| 3rd | -σεται | -σονται |
The future perfect is rare; often replaced by the periphrastic perfect participle + ἔσομαι.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | εἰμί | ἐσμέν |
| 2nd | εἶ | ἐστέ |
| 3rd | ἐστί(ν) | εἰσί(ν) |
All forms are enclitic except εἶ (2nd sg.) and εἰμί when sentence-initial.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ἦν / ἔα | ἦμεν / ἔαμεν |
| 2nd | ἦσθα | ἦτε / ἔατε |
| 3rd | ἦν / ἔην | ἦσαν / ἔσαν |
| Form | Stem | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Future | ἔσομαι | middle form |
| Subjunctive | ὦ / ᾖς / ᾖ | lengthened vowel |
| Optative | εἴην / εἴης / εἴη | -ιη- + endings |
| Infinitive | εἶναι | present |
| Participle | ὤν / οὖσα / ὄν | M/F/N |
| Tense | Active | Middle | Passive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | -ειν (stem+ε+ιν) | -εσθαι | = middle |
| Future | -σειν | -σεσθαι | -θήσεσθαι |
| 1st Aorist | -σαι | -σασθαι | -θῆναι |
| 2nd Aorist | -εῖν | -έσθαι | -ῆναι |
| Perfect | -κέναι | -σθαι | = middle |
The aorist infinitive has no augment; the augment belongs only to the indicative mood. The perfect active infinitive always ends in -κέναι.